3 May 2020

Starting from our solar system, which together with billions of other star systems constitute our galaxy, galaxies such as the Milky Way - the star city, sum up to form the local group of galaxies, and the local group is one of the seeds that make up the cosmic filaments with complex geometry that extends into the most distant and unknown regions, and it is really uncertain whether our universe has finite dimensions or is perhaps infinite and when the right time comes for man to explore it, he will face its endless exploration. Galaxies are fascinating stellar formations. They create both small and very large concentrations of interstellar matter, stars, and other cosmic objects, and the sizes of their disks, in the case of spiral galaxies, can reach hundreds of thousands of light-years. Another group of galaxies are elliptical galaxies. Elliptical galaxies are interesting formations of stars in an oval or spherical shape, where the distances between stars decrease as they approach the center of this type of galaxy and can be as small as one light-year. Gravity holds them together, but the mechanism ensuring the stability of these galaxies appears to be somewhat different than in spiral galaxies. Spiral galaxies rotate around their central bulge, so the centrifugal force seems to interact with gravitational forces to establish stable positions for star systems within their structure. However, something else opposes the gravitational collapse of both spiral and elliptical galaxies. This remains a scientific mystery. Dark matter, which barely interacts with ordinary matter and whose function seems to be to maintain repulsion, is matter with a negative gravitational force. Dark matter is the calculated missing mass in the cosmos, without which explaining certain features of the universe is impossible at the current level of science. The cosmological constant, whose introduction is just as valid as proposing the existence of dark matter and dark energy?a counterweight to the positive gravitational force that exists in classical matter and balancing this force with the negative gravitational force that dark matter and dark energy are supposed to possess?was introduced to explain currently unexplained properties of the cosmos, and it applies in particular to the theory of a so-called static universe. However, such speculations have not yet been confirmed experimentally, as it has not been possible to obtain even the smallest amount of this type of matter in the laboratory or detect even traces of dark energy using various research devices. There is significantly more dark matter than standard matter, because, as observations of the known universe show, its expansion rate is accelerating precisely because dark matter has interactions opposite to standard matter, meaning each of its particles gravitationally repel one another. In elliptical galaxies, a balance between gravitational and centrifugal forces must be maintained. Protection against collapse does not rely on the stars' magnetic fields or the galaxies' rotation. Here, it is clearly visible that something is inhibiting the collapse of these types of galaxies, perhaps it is dark matter. The universe appears to be expanding in all directions, each point receding from the other. Space, not just matter, is becoming increasingly sparse. Consequently, theories have emerged that the structure of space will be "torn" as a result of the expansion, and with it, matter itself will cease to exist, all the atoms that compose it will be torn apart and cease to exist. This is a somewhat grim theory and a vision of the end of the universe, but not everything in the cosmos has a happy ending, including catastrophic tragedies that, if they occurred near the solar system, would lead to destruction on a scale unimaginable to humans. String theory, which discusses the multidimensionality of the universe, has also been formulated. It assumes that the universe is composed of many dimensions?more than three, as many as eleven. Individual dimensions vibrate in an 11-dimensional space. This is an attempt to explain certain unsolved problems in mathematics and physics that require more than three dimensions to solve. This concerns tensors, which arise during computation and cannot be solved using the principles of three-dimensional space. These theories omit the phenomenon of the aether. The Higgs field, which may be similar to or identical to the aether, has taken its place theoretically. Thanks to the Higgs field, elementary particles gain mass due to spontaneous symmetry breaking, a phenomenon mediated by the so-called Higgs boson. Tesla already suspected that particles originate from the aether, and many earlier scientists had made similar assumptions. However, the aether phenomenon was relegated to the scientific margins and completely forgotten until our times. Nevertheless, it concerns the same space energy, because space is not a void but an ocean of potential energy for creating matter. We lack the technology and the key to harnessing this energy to generate any energy that could be useful to humanity. We have mastered the basics of electricity, electromagnetism, magnetism, and thermodynamics, but we still know nothing about the subtle energies of the cosmos, which derive from the properties of space, such as gravity and inertia. Electromagnetism, photon energy, is a local disturbance of the Higgs field or aether, but the aether is static because it perfectly fills all space. What we call radiation is actually elastic undulations of the aether.